“Bright star, would I were stedfast as thou art” by John Keats

Bright star, would I were stedfast as thou art—
Not in lone splendour hung aloft the night
And watching, with eternal lids apart,
Like nature’s patient, sleepless Eremite,
The moving waters at their priestlike task
Of pure ablution round earth’s human shores,
Or gazing on the new soft-fallen mask
Of snow upon the mountains and the moors—
No—yet still stedfast, still unchangeable,
Pillow’d upon my fair love’s ripening breast,
To feel for ever its soft fall and swell,
Awake for ever in a sweet unrest,
Still, still to hear her tender-taken breath,
And so live ever—or else swoon to death.

The speaker wants to be as steadfast and unchanging as the star but he does not want to be alone watching with eyes open patiently, sleeplessly and eternally the moving waters flowing round the earth purifying the humanity like a ritual priest work or the snow covering the mountains and the moors. He wants to still unchangingly and eternally awake rest upon his lover’s bosom, to feel its softness and hear her breath; otherwise, he would rather die.

I think the purification of nature is compared to the sublimation of his lover’s love which like the nature washing away and whitening the sin of humanity, his lover makes him feel better, more like a human with feelings than a non-human subject.

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

John是一位醫生,實際和理性,沒有信仰,害怕迷信,對不能看見和感覺不到的事情嗤之以鼻。他不相信太太Gilman真的病倒了,他以為Gilman只是暫時性焦慮抑鬱,有點輕狂的傾向而已。他認為Gilman沒有任何原因令她感到受苦。他認為Gilman只要吃點藥,呼吸新鮮空氣,做運動,而且不做任何事情,情況就會好轉。但Gilman認為做一些令她感覺舒服的事情,例如寫作,讓她心中的想法得到抒發,這樣會令她好轉。可是,John認為正正就是Gilman的想法使她不適,著Gilman 應該運用意志控制自己編造故事的傾向,因為這樣會令她產生興奮的想像力,導致她緊張焦慮。所以Gilman只能私下偷偷地寫作,不然就會遭受強烈的反對。當Gilman表示不喜歡待在他們的房間,而且覺得這間屋沒有令她好轉,可是John卻不聽從Gilman的意見,自言是一位醫生,看到Gilman胃口和膚色也漸好,認為只是Gilman 危險的想像力在作祟,不許她再胡說下去。John無法在理性判斷之外理解Gilman,一切他認為是Gilman的想像力在作怪,他認為Gilman是非理性,所以不能作出任何決定,他代Gilman決定一切的事情。

在房間內的yellow wallpaper十分影響Gilman的心理狀態,她看見有 “two bulbous eyes stare at her”,跟著她看見wallpaper有兩個pattern,有front pattern and back pattern。Front pattern可以被理解為丈夫所代表的家庭核心結構規範及社會文化的結構規範 (cultural norms),尤以Jennie作為完美熱心的家庭主婦典範,這個規範對Gilman來說就像一所監獄,而她被囚禁於內。Back pattern 係Gilman看見有一個女人被困在pattern裏,subdued and quiet,再看看卻是一班女人也在shakes and strangles the pattern,當她們逃離之際,pattern 又再勒住她們。Gilman自己也跟著她們一樣在crawl and creep,希望可以脫離現實這個maddening system。Gilman想釋放她們,她嘗試撕開那張wallpaper,將規範拆毁,從此再沒有cultural norms 可以困住她們了。最後Gilman creep over John,代表理性的John暈倒了,Gilman 瘋癲了,得到暫時的自由。